20min

Type-2 Diabetes

This is to outline an example of calculating Type-2 Diabetes by using the weighting system provided by the Type-2 Diabetes Australia online quiz. The BodyScan is used to collect waist circumference, height, weight, sex. 
Data Type
Health Risk
Scans Required
BodyScan
Source
n/a
Validation
Population-based.
Predictors
age, gender, blood pressure, smoker, waist circumference
Predictors – Risk Category
Same as above
Risk Category
Low Risk = 0-5 points
Moderate Risk = 6-9 points
High Risk = 10+ points
Risk Category – Validation
Diabetes Australia
Cohorts
Australian Population
Formula/Calculation
The calculation is adapted from the weighting scale provided by the Diabetes Australia risk calculator. 
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The weighting scale used to make the initial prediction is based on the BodyScan inputs.
It does not include population-specific questions like “Are you Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, or Maori descent?”, and is therefore removed from the weighting system.

Type-2 Diabetes (and other risks) will benefit from using population-based data to determine risk, however, the predictors for the category are mostly the same amongst other methods listed below.
Strengths/Weaknesses
Weakness: Australian population-based, not global.
Strength: Easy to modify weighting to adjust for other studies.
Other methods
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Notes
Refactor to use an international source or combined common weighting system rather than the Australian populated-based one.
About Diabetes 
Diabetes is a chronic condition where sugar (glucose) levels continue to increase within your bloodstream.
Normally the hormone insulin helps move glucose from your blood. In type 2 diabetes, the body’s response to insulin is muted, causing a rise in blood glucose.
Left untreated diabetes can lead to severe and potentially dangerous symptoms.
The International Diabetes Federation report that 1 in 11 adults have diabetes and that 1 in 2 adults with diabetes are undiagnosed.
Calculating Risk
Additional questions will need to be asked after or before in order to have a more complete Risk Score. 
The current implementation does not ask all the questions for the final results. As it’s leading with a BodyScan prior and the basic details, the card will only calculate what has been entered.
Further questions can be asked to extend this result - essentially making it a “two part” risk answer.
Partner integrations will vary and if they are type-2 diabetes specific, asking these questions on the input screen might be preferred and encouraged.

Those questions are common to all T2D risk calculators and are (from the Finnish study “Other methods”):
Question
Answer, Exampling Weighting
Use of blood pressure medication
No +0, Yes +2
History of high blood glucose
No +0, Yes +2
Physical activity
≥4 hr/week +0<4 hr/week +2
Daily consumption of vegetables, fruits, or berries
No +0, Yes +2
Family history of diabetes
No +0Yes, 2nd degree relative +3Yes, 1st degree relative +5
Example Implementation

The current implementation in CompleteScan asks the questions as part of FaceScan so we used them to add the extra weightings you see below. However in multi-scan demo, we do not ask these, and therefore will need to:
Add them to input, but based on the above section questions [recommended]
Ask them afterwards in a “2 part” risk.
Age
< 35 years = 0 points
35 – 44 years = 2 points
45 – 54 years = 4 points
55 – 64 years = 6 points
65+ years = 8 points
Gender
Male = 3 points
Female = 0 points
Are you currently taking high blood pressure medication?
Yes = 2 points
No = 0 points
Do you currently smoke?
Yes = 2 points
No = 0 points
Waist (Female)Different waist circumference thresholds compared to central obesity definition by WHO/IDF
<88 cm = 0 points88 – 100 cm = 4 points>100 cm = 7 points
Waist (Male)Different waist circumference thresholds compared to central obesity definition by WHO/IDF
<102 cm = 0 points102 – 110 cm = 4 points>110 cm = 7 points

Updated 17 Aug 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

About Diabetes

Calculating Risk

Example Implementation

Data Type	Health Risk
Scans Required	BodyScan
Source	n/a
Validation	Population-based.
Predictors	age, gender, blood pressure, smoker, waist circumference
Predictors – Risk Category	Same as above
Risk Category	Low Risk = 0-5 points Moderate Risk = 6-9 points High Risk = 10+ points
Risk Category – Validation	Diabetes Australia
Cohorts	Australian Population
Formula/Calculation	The calculation is adapted from the weighting scale provided by the Diabetes Australia risk calculator. The weighting scale used to make the initial prediction is based on the BodyScan inputs. It does not include population-specific questions like “Are you Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, or Maori descent?”, and is therefore removed from the weighting system. Type-2 Diabetes (and other risks) will benefit from using population-based data to determine risk, however, the predictors for the category are mostly the same amongst other methods listed below.
Strengths/Weaknesses	Weakness: Australian population-based, not global. Strength: Easy to modify weighting to adjust for other studies.
Other methods
Notes	Refactor to use an international source or combined common weighting system rather than the Australian populated-based one.

Question	Answer, Exampling Weighting
Use of blood pressure medication	No +0, Yes +2
History of high blood glucose	No +0, Yes +2
Physical activity	≥4 hr/week +0<4 hr/week +2
Daily consumption of vegetables, fruits, or berries	No +0, Yes +2
Family history of diabetes	No +0Yes, 2nd degree relative +3Yes, 1st degree relative +5

Age	< 35 years = 0 points 35 – 44 years = 2 points 45 – 54 years = 4 points 55 – 64 years = 6 points 65+ years = 8 points
Gender	Male = 3 points Female = 0 points
Are you currently taking high blood pressure medication?	Yes = 2 points No = 0 points
Do you currently smoke?	Yes = 2 points No = 0 points
Waist (Female)Different waist circumference thresholds compared to central obesity definition by WHO/IDF	<88 cm = 0 points88 – 100 cm = 4 points>100 cm = 7 points
Waist (Male)Different waist circumference thresholds compared to central obesity definition by WHO/IDF	<102 cm = 0 points102 – 110 cm = 4 points>110 cm = 7 points